Pronunciation Teaching Within A Theoretical Framework English Language Essay

Elocution Teaching Within A Theoretical Framework English Language Essay Albeit various examinations have been accounted for with respect to segmental in the course of recent years for an outline, see Ekman, 2003; Strange, 1995, there are just few investigations concentrating on L2 worry in an EFL setting. Then again, suprasegmental properties, including pressure, assume a significant job in second language procurement. They are demonstrated to be firmly identified with outside complement apparent in L2 creation and to challenges in L2 discernment. Analysts have credited the issues with worry to the impact of the L1 prosodic framework. Nonetheless, these investigations are insufficient, as their emphasis on stress procurement for the most part depends on the correlation of the phonological frameworks of L1 and L2. As Flege (1987) called attention to in research on L2 discourse improvement at the segmental level, it is essential to consider phonetic subtleties so as to increase a superior comprehension of the conceivable exchange of L1. The equivalent is valid for investigations of prosody. It is conceivable that the impact of L1 lies in the contrast somewhere in the range of L1 and L2 in the work of important phonetic relates. 2.2. The historical backdrop of articulation educating inside a hypothetical system Prevalent sentiment in regards to the spot of elocution preparing in the ESL or EFL educational plan has ebbed and streamed alongside the chronicled structure of language learning speculations and techniques. Before the ubiquity of the immediate technique in the late nineteenth century, elocution got minimal clear concentration inside the language study hall. Supporters of the immediate technique guarantee that an underlying accentuation on tuning in without strain to talk permits students to secure sentence structure inductively and to disguise the objective sound framework before talking, much the manner in which kids get their first language (Celce-Murcia, Brinton, Goodwin, 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). Albeit famous in tip top private European schools, the immediate strategy was dismissed by the government funded schools and by most language schools in the United States as unfeasible due the homeroom time, exertion and foundation expected of both the instructor and understudies for the achievement of this methodology. Analysis based on the tedious idea of this guidance at once in which most understudies just read unknown dialect for a long time, alongside an absence of qualified instructors who had an agreeable, local like familiarity at their order. Therefore, this basically natural imitative methodology offered route to the arrival of the sentence structure interpretation approach of the understanding time, with next to no consideration regarding articulation (Celce-Murcia et al., 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). As per Aufderhaar (2004), both the direct and syntax interpretation techniques were increasingly accentuated when there was an abrupt and earnest requirement for qualified translators and knowledge to learn English with the appearance of World War II. Established in Skinners (1957) hypothesis of behaviorism which rewarded the securing of verbal aptitudes as ecologically decided improvement reaction conduct, the audiolingual strategy required escalated oral penetrating for whole working days, six days per week (E. R. Earthy colored, 1997). As opposed to the sentence structure interpretation strategy, elocution was currently viewed as of the most noteworthy need, with phonetic translation and enunciation expressly instructed through outlines and showings, alongside impersonation (Celce-Murcia et al., 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). While by and large demonstrating fruitful inside the military condition of little classes of profoundly energetic teachers and understudies whose prosperity depended to a limited extent on their order of the objective language, the hypothetical establishment of audiolingualism was shaken by the truth of the post World War II language study hall that was not helpful for this military routine. Its most grounded pundit was Chomsky (1957), whose presentation of the generative-transformational hypothesis saw the fundamental significance of the entire as being a higher priority than any one section. His attention on the inventive, rule-represented nature of skill and execution drove numerous instructors to the end that articulation ought to remain inductively inside the setting of morphology and sentence structure (Kreidler, 1989). At the core of this theory was the proposal that all language abilities, including listening appreciation, verbal creation and elocution, are coordinated to suc h an extent that there is no compelling reason to address them as discrete and unmistakable highlights (Brown, 1997). The impact of Chomskys generative-transformational hypothesis, alongside the intellectual code hypothesis of the 1960s, which concentrated on tuning in at the talk level and disposed of ability requesting, made ready for the pattern to maintain a strategic distance from or overlook direct elocution instructing out and out. The appearance of the informative methodology in the late 1970s and mid 1980s in like manner regarded the instructing of articulation as insufficient and sad, rather it underscored language capacities over structures with the objective being by and large open capability and listening perception for general significance: MacCarthy (1976) expressed that at present any educating of elocution is so ineffectual as to be to a great extent an exercise in futility. (p. 212). Around then, numerous teachers of the open methodology accepted that elocution aptitudes would be gained normally inside the setting of second language input and informative practice. Be that as it may, elocution was not so much disregarded in the timeframe of the 1960s through the mid 1980s. Leftovers of the audiolingual approach waited inside auxiliary etymology, which saw language learning as a procedure of acing chains of importance of basically related things for encoding meaning (Morley, 1991). At the point when elocution was tended to, guidance was commonly situated toward the boring of individual sounds by means of articulatory portrayals and negligible pair contrasts (Chun, 2002). It is the dependence on this conventional phonemic-based methodology which Leather (1987) makes reference to one reason for the end of articulation instructing during this period: The procedure, saw as trivial non-informative drill-and-exercise ruses, lost its allure; similarly, the item, that is, the achievement proportion for the time and vitality used, was discovered needing. (Morley, 1991, p. 486). Perspectives ran from genuine addressing with respect to whether articulation could be clearly educated and learned by any means (Chun, 2002), to faithful cases that grown-ups were just unfit to gain second language elocution (Scovel, 1988). As indicated by Madsen and Bowen (1978), the absence of thoughtfulness regarding elocution, which was predominant in the informative methodology of the late 1970s and mid 1980s and the immediate declaration by numerous that articulation couldn't be educated, brought about an extraordinary number of universal understudies who were fizzled convey successfully or even coherently despite the fact that they had been told for quite a while. This circumstance started research in second language obtaining that recommended a takeoff from the customary, base up phonemic-based way to deal with elocution instructing toward a top-down direction concentrating on suprasegmental or prosodic angles, for example, beat, pitch, and term. Characterized by Wennerstrom (2001, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004) as a general term enveloping inflection, beat, rhythm, uproar, and stops, as these associate with sentence structure, lexical significance, and segmental phonology in spoken writings (p.4), prosody has verifiably been disregarded or consigned to the edges of examination and teaching method, due in enormous part, as per Chun (2002), to its natural multifaceted nature and trouble acing it. Considered famously hard to procure and characterize, Bolinger (1972) marked the most disputable part of prosody, sound, the oily piece of language. In spite of its chronicled rearward sitting arrangement status, an inclination of examination with respect to prosody has traversed a few orders. The principal archived investigation of discourse tune has been followed back to Steele (Couper-Kuhlen, 1993, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004), who, in 1775, utilized melodic documentation to distinguish contribute varieties that happen customary structures upon syllables. Shockingly, his materials, in light of five highlights he recognized as complement, amount, respite, accentuation and power were reliant upon fixed and supreme melodic pitches as opposed to adaptable and relative tones, clearly ailing in down to earth materialness (Pike, 1945). 2.3. Articulation research in applied semantics In spite of the fact that achieving local like articulation that encourages shared clarity is viewed as significant for some language students and educators the same, there have been barely any exact investigations of elocution in applied semantics (Derwing Munro,2005; Levis, 2005). For instance, Derwing and Munro (2005, p. 386) express that it is generally acknowledged that suprasegmentals are essential to understandability, yet up 'til now scarcely any investigations bolster this conviction. This case is upheld by different scientists, for example, Hahn (1994) and Levis (2005) who expresses that in the course of recent years there has been support to educate suprasegmentals however next to no teaching method has been founded on observational exploration. The helpfulness of exact exploration for growing progressively powerful articulation instructing is self-evident. As Levis (2005) states, guidance should concentrate on those highlights that are generally useful for comprehension and ought to deemphasize those that are moderately unhelpful ( pp. 370-371). Munro (2008) echoes this moment that expressing that it is essential to set up a lot of needs for instructing. In the event that one part of elocution guidance is bound to advance clarity than some other angle, it merits increasingly prompt consideration. (p. 197). Obviously, we should initially recognize what the most significant components are to guarantee ideal guidance and learning results. As Munro (2008) contends, on the grounds that prosody includes a wide scope of sp

Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -an Opportunity for Innovation Essay Example

Job of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation Essay Job of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - An Opportunity for Innovation * Mrs.. Kajal Maheshwari Abstract-â€Å"Sustainability is the jackpot of advancements that yield both bottomline and topline restores The most ground breaking and dynamic organizations today are considering ecological to be as a chance to advance and change how they work their organizations, how they grow new items, and how they identify with partners in the commercial center. Hippies, as well, are seeing a chance to team up with business. They are taking a progressively receptive view toward the job that business can play in taking care of huge issues. The most ideal approach to prevail with regards to making supportability a wellspring of significant worth is to drive it profound into the association and extensively over the venture is to make strides toward environmental friendliness. What we call smokestack or tailpipe enterprises †the vitality organizations, utilities, oil and gas, transportation, synthetic concoctions †they needed to handle these issues in light of the huge effect theyve had. Yet, presently we see retailers and innovation organizations and administrations organizations and accommodation and a wide range of new divisions that are grasping maintainability on the grounds that theyre discovering an incentive there. This article quickly give thought regarding the organizations General Electric, General Motors, Chevrolet volt, Pfizer and Novartis, vitality organizations like BP, HCL and so on putting resources into Ramp;D amp; development in ecological amp; clean tech region. This article covers terms and ideas of green showcasing, quickly talk about why practicing environmental awareness is significant and furthermore inspect a portion of the explanation that associations are embracing a green promoting theory. We will compose a custom exposition test on Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Nowadays, just showcasing doesnt appear to be filling in just as it has previously. For maintainability and development an advertiser needs to consider creative condition inviting patterns It additionally concentrates a portion of the chances and difficulties in green promoting. In this way, actualizing green showcasing is crucial to the maintainable improvement of industry.

legal process essays

legitimate procedure papers There are numerous means that must be taken before John would have a case that could go to trial.In the instance of John versus his boss there is a procedure that is included when recording segregation charges. John needs to answer to his EEOC guide inside 45 days of the charge. Be that as it may, he additionally needs to record a grumbling with the Equal Employment Opportunity Committee for them to confirm that there is sufficient proof to help Johns guarantee of segregation. This is the point at which the EEOC does a need examination of the underlying realities to check whether these realities seem to help an infringement of the law. In examining a charge, the EEOC may make composed solicitations for data, talk with individuals, survey records, and, varying, visit the office where the supposed segregation happened. (www.eeoc.gov) Once the organization completes its examination, John may demand a conference under the steady gaze of an EEOC managerial appointed authority or a prompt official choice from the office. Anytime John or his manager may shape a settlement out of court and this would get the job done EEOCs prerequisites also. At that point John can decide to record a common claim and go to the government court framework since he is in the private part. John would then record a grumbling and afterward the two gatherings would pay a charge of $150.00 by rule. Since, John is a litigant in a common case then he would then need to enlist his own lawyer. In the state framework be that as it may, he would have a lawyer delegated for him. The government court framework likewise needs the defendants to plan for the case, otherwise called revelation. Both John and his boss must give data to one another about the case, for example, witnesses, dates, times of occasions and so forth. This enables the defendants to get ready for their preliminary by gathering proof and setting up the entirety of the observers. (www.uscourts.gov) In the government court framework, there are numerous standards that the courts must follow. They are designe ... <!

Virginia Mason Medical Center - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Health Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Virginia Mason Medical Center Case 1. What is Gary Kaplan trying to achieve at Virginia Mason? Dr. Gary Kaplan was trying to achieve change at Virginia Mason. He envisioned the transformation of Virginia Mason Medical Center into the quality leader in health care and sought to lead the organization toward this vision. When Dr. Kaplan joined VMMC what attracted him to the medical field was a collaborative team approach and Virginia Masons’ unique culture that was created in the early 1900’s. With time VMMC started to face challenges, competition was fierce and VMMC soon began to experience financial troubles. In addition, its employees were unhappy and the staff morale around the hospital was declining. Kaplan noticed that change had to be made to the way VMMC ran its hospital. Kaplan proposed that VMMC follow Toyota Production System management method to restructure the way it ran its physicians, nurses and support staff. He felt that NMMC’s goals were similar to Toyota, especially putting the customer/patient first, focus on quality and safety, and a commitment to employees. Kaplan was trying to achieve this change while keeping the unique culture that VMMC began with so many years ago. . How does the Toyota Production System fit into his strategy? Dr. Kaplan and executives at VMMC had created a strategic plan focused on becoming the quality leader in healthcare; however he lacked a system to achieve this goal. Kaplan felt the Toyota Production System (TPS) was an appropriate match for the VMMC because of the similarities in goals that they both shared and desire to achieve them. VMMC’s new vision aligned with Toyota model including its priorities of putting the patient/customer first, along with satisfying quality, safety and its employees. Traditionally, VMMC had taken cost savings approaches by consolidated less profitable business lines (obstetrics, mental health) and reducing academic spending (travel, research ti me). Kaplan felt these activities were putting academics to the wayside. He sought to apply TPS for other cost savings opportunities such Just in Time (JIT) production. Similarly, he felt the detection of abnormalities in the production process could be applied to patient care. TPS was not the first production model to be imported into the health-care delivery organizations. For decades hospitals had tried several management models drawn from production industries such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma. VMMC has previously utilized TQM in the 1990s, but the concepts had failed to gain traction. Kaplan’s first strategy would be to get a visual of the current process that takes place. Value-stream mapping would give him a better idea of the gaps in VMMC’s work flow. Value-stream mapping would encompass patient check-in, visits, inventory and flow of equipment. Kaplan felt that by starting with the value-stream mapping it would set the base for the imp lementation of Virginia Mason Production System. By applying the plan of action that TPS used and modifying it to fit VMMC, within the year Kaplan started to see positive results from the various strategies that were exercised. 3. What is your view of the â€Å"people are not cars† debate? We agree with the statement that â€Å"people are not cars† and that each patient is unique when it comes to diseases, treatments, and personal emotions. With that being said, when a new process or system is in place some people have difficulties adjusting to change, they tend to look at the negative vs. the positive outcomes that can be achieved from a new model/process such as VMPS. Also, people tend to want change to take place immediately and that is not always the case. When something new is being implemented it will most likely take some time to reap the benefits. We believe that there are tangible benefits can be realized through the adaptation of the TPS model. Opponents a rgue the TPS system jeopardizes their autonomy and clinical creativity. However, the system adapted from TPS, actually seeks to maximize patient outcomes through the elimination of waste and efficiency improvements. In return freeing up more time for clinicians to spend with patients, families, or pursuing academic endeavors. 4. Is Kaplan’s approach transferable to other US hospitals? We believe that Kaplan’s approach is transferable to other US hospitals. Proven results have been demonstrated especially for the oncology or cardiovascular units. I think that these two departments will seek the most benefits from Kaplan’s approach. This approach was already tried by The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and they saw benefits early on in the transition process. For instance, they applied TPS and they immediately saw a decrease in patient waiting time, patient registration, medical chart and having supplies available. If UPMC is able to switch to a manufacturing model, then any other US hospital will be able to do the same as long as they are able to modify the process to their environment and culture. We believe VMMC was uniquely poised for success. The executives, board of directors, physician, and staff were willing to embrace change. VMMC was founded on the principles of teamwork to offer patients comprehensive medical care. To be replicated in other hospitals solid leadership and support must be obtained throughout the organization. A commitment to achieve the goal and belief in the strategic plan is essential. The implementation of VMPS has shed positive outlook on both the process and metrics. For example, the redesign of the physical layout for treatment rooms has not only improved the patients view but also it created more space so that physicians and nurses are maximizing their travel time and communication. Equally important, this new amount of space increased the number of visits from 120 to 188, a 57% inc rease and it also reduced patient travel per each visit from 1,600 feet to 375 feet, a 76% decrease. Moreover, the built-in pharmacy improved the delivery system which minimized the wait time from 2 hours to 20-30 minutes and 20 minutes to 1 minute respectively. This goes to prove that higher efficiency would also improve the hospitals metrics and quality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Virginia Mason Medical Center" essay for you Create order

Entrepreneurship Process and Principles - 15897 Words

Entrepreneurship process and principles Chapter: Introduction to Entrepreneurship process and principles Definition of entrepreneur -According to American Heritage Dictionary, â€Å"Entrepreneur is a person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk for business venture† -According to Skinner SJ and Ivancevich JM,† An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risks necessary to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and monetary rewards† -Entrepreneur is a person who organizes and assumes the risk of his or her own venture†. Meaning and definition of Entrepreneurship -According to R.M.Hodgehs,-‘Entrepreneurship is the process of organizing, managing and assuming the risk of a business.† Entrepreneurship is the†¦show more content†¦He can not only set up a venture but also strive for the extension and continues growth of it. 4) Management and Marketing- When an entrepreneur establishes a new enterprise, he obliged to manage that obligation and run it properly. B) Specific function:- 1) Idea generation and scanning of the best suitable one. 2) Determination of business objectives. 3) Product analysis and marketing research 4) Determination and form of ownership. 5) Completion of promotional formalities 6) Raising necessary funds 7) Purchasing machine and materials 8) Recruitment of people 9) Undertaking the business operations. Distinction between entrepreneur and a manager. The major points of distinction are below: Points Entrepreneur Manager 1.Motive The main motive of an entrepreneur is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. But the main motive of a manager is to render his services in an enterprise at ready setup by someone else. 2.Status An entrepreneur is the owner of the enterprise A manager is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur. 3.Risk bearing An entrepreneur assumes all risks and uncertainty involved in running the organization. A manager as the servant does not bear any risk involved In the enterprise. 4.Rewards The rewards an entrepreneur gets for bearing risks involved in the enterprise in profit, which is highly uncertain. A manager gets salary as a reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise. Salary of a manager isShow MoreRelatedPrinciples Of Business Management Assignment Unit One1274 Words   |  6 Pages Running head: BUS 1101: PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT UNIT ONE University of the people Term 1 (2017-2018) September 9, 2017 Introduction Based on the unit one written assignment instructionsRead MorePrinciples Of Business Management Assignment Unit One1231 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: bus 1101: principles of business management assignment unit one University of the People Term one (2017-2018) September nine, 2017 Introduction Based on the unit one assignment directions I even have revised the reading chapter of theRead MoreChristian Worldview And Biblical Entrepreneurship876 Words   |  4 PagesChristian Worldview and Biblical Entrepreneurship As Christians, we are required to show God’s rule in all occupations. We exercise dominion by becoming good stewards to the gifts He has bestowed upon us. 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David Hume s Theory Of Induction - 1203 Words

The controversy within the field and study of Philosophy is continuously progressing. Many ideas are prepared, and challenged by other philosophers causing the original idea to be analyzed more thoroughly. One of the cases that challenge many philosophers is The Problem of Induction. David Hume introduced the world to The Problem of Induction. The Problem of Induction claims that, past experiences can lead to future experiences. In this essay, I will explain how the problem of induction does not lead to reasonable solutions instead it causes philosophers more problems. Philosophers create new thesis all the time. Many times these thesis are challenged by other ideas. The Problem of induction was introduced by David Hume in the 18th century. He questioned how past observation could be the same observation in the future. We can assume that past events can occur again, and this was not the problem. The problem is Hume does not believe that past experiences can lead to the future. It is beneficial to completely understand Hume’s stand point therefore I will explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is multiple premises that are believed to be true or at least true most of the time. Deductive reasoning is a theory that claims truth. If the premise is true the conclusion is true. Hume first separated human reasoning in two different ways. The first way is relations of ideas. These are the sciences of geometry, algebra andShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume s Theory Of Induction969 Words   |  4 Pagespast events? Can we be certain that the ball will fall once it has been kicked? This concept was one of David Hume’s most famous philosophical arguments: the Problem of Induction. This paper will outline Hume’s standpoint, as well give criticism for his argument. Hume’s Problem of Induction is finding justification for basing universal conclusions/ generalizations on particular instances. 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The Principle of Induction is rendered cognitively meaningless by the Verification Principle. The Principle of Induction states that casual relationships that have been observed in the past will continue in the same way always and everywhere (Dr. Reilly). Back in the 1950’s and 1960’s, it was very uncommon to get a divorce. Families stayed together regardless of what hardships they had going on.Read MoreAnalysis Of John Locke, George Berkeley And David Hume1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking assuming that all human knowledge arises originally from sense-experiences. John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume are most notably known for the branch of empirical philosophy. Philosopher David Hume discusses what he believes are â€Å"bundles of perception.† He argues that we can never experience the objective world and alternatively only observe patterns. According to Hume, there are two methods used to detect these patterns, unit and continuity and causality. 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Knowledge is actually defined by the dictionary as, â€Å"general awareness or possession of information, facts, ideas, truths, or principles

Persuasive speech on coffee free essay sample

Alexus Arnold Professor Smith Speech 101 26 November 2013 Coffee Coinsurer The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup! Waking Intro / Attention getter: up in the morning is hard enough. During the cold breezed winter morning youre battling your grogginess and the clock. The best way to get a start on your day is with a fresh, hot cup of coffee. Coffee is the hidden gem that your morning needs to get a jump start on a busy day. Its consumed everywhere and Judging by the amount of Starbucks locations, we love our caffeine! Coffee is the leading worldwide beverage after water and its trade exceeds US $10 billion worldwide. This is stated by National Institute of Food Science. Coffee has been criticized for being a caffeinated product but it has been proven healthier than we are lead to believe. Coffee stimulates your senses from the caffeine content which further stimulates mind and supports mental alertness and concentration. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive speech on coffee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Coffee contains antioxidants and can contribute to preventing illnesses. And Last, Coffee can help with promoting longevity and healthy unctions of your body. Body l: Just the smell of a fresh brewed coffee can stimulate your senses and begin to relieve stress. As students we suffer from sleep deprivation. Studies have shown that those who were exposed to coffee aromas experienced release in proteins that are tied to stress. Caffeine can keep you Juiced when needing a boost of mental alertness. A cup before a test can also sharpen memory and keep you concentrated. A study done by the National Institute of Health found that Those ho drink four or more cups of coffee are found 10 % less likely to be depressed than those who have never tried coffee states Dr. Chen. Coffees mood-lifting effects might be traced to its antioxidants provided in the coffee bean. Body II: Research has shown that a cup of coffee naturally comes with antioxidants which are good for your body. Anti-oxidants that coffee contains offer some cardiovascular protection. Research is showing that it can also reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes. According to a study researchers found that people who drink coffee lower their chances of type 2 diabetes by 50% percent and with every cup it lowers by 7%. Science Daily reported in 2012 that Studies have shown that people who use caffeine are less likely to develop Parkinsons disease, but this is one of the first studies in humans to show that caffeine can help with movement symptoms for people who already have the disease (Ronald Postuma MD) persuasive speech on coffee By aarnoldl 992

Moet Nog Hernummerd Worden Essay Example

Moet Nog Hernummerd Worden Essay Voorwoord Als groep zijn we nu Sinds begin september bezig met het WMO undertaking. Het deelproject â€Å"De Doelgroep† neemt nu de laatste 3 weken in beslag. De projectgroep bestaat uit Gertjan Olderburger, Sieger Oost, Wilma Bos, Rene Stel, Richard Mugischa, Lian Reinds, Nienke Geertsma A ; Kaspar Gerritsen. Het resonance wordt door alle acht leden gezamenlijk gemaakt. Iedere woensdag houden we vergadering, waarna ieder projectlid zelfstandig een taak uitwerkt. Dit wordt dan in de volgende vergadering besproken en geevalueerd. Het uiteindelijke adviesrapport zal geschreven worden voor de gemeente Groningen. De opdrachtgever is de Hanzehogeschool Groningen. De Hanzehogeschool willen we hier bedanken voor de kans die ze ons bieden om ons door dot resonance Te maken, verder Te ontwikkelen. In heated bijzonder een dankwoord voor Thijs Leuveld, die ons ALSs tutor begeleidt. We will write a custom essay sample on Moet Nog Hernummerd Worden specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moet Nog Hernummerd Worden specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moet Nog Hernummerd Worden specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Verder willen we u ALSs lezer veel plezier wensen bij het lezen new wave het resonance. De Doelgroep Inleiding In heated kader new wave de Wet Maatschappelijke Ondersteuning is ons door de Hanzehogeschool Groningen gevraagd een adviesnota Te schrijven voor een doelgroep dice Te maken heeft met de WMO. Wij ALSs projectgroep hebben gekozen voor de doelgroep dak- nut thuislozen. De bedoeling new wave deze adviesnota is om eventuele knelpunten voor de dak- en thuislozen Te achterhalen en een advies uit te brengen naar de gemeente Groningen voor verbetering new wave de positie van de dak- en thuislozen. Belangrijk daarin is om de verbeteringen te realiseren binnen heated kader new wave de WMO. De dak- nut thuisloze is dus het uitgaanspunt en niet de bestaande hulpverlenende instanties. In deze adviesnota zullen we als eerste de doelgroep belichten, waarbij we zoveel mogelijk gegevens verzamelen over de dak- en thuislozen in de stad Groningen. Daarna gaan we beschrijven welke problemen er zijn en waar de dak- en thuislozen behoefte aan hebben. Tot slot leggen we uit wat de WMO kan betekenen voor de dak- en thuislozen en wat op dot minute de relevante spelers zijn voor de dak- en thuislozen. De informatie hebben we verkregen bij instanties die werken met dak- nut thuislozen, zoals de politie, stichting Huis, de Open Hof en de gemeente Groningen. De adviesnota is bedoeld voor een ieder dice Te maken heeft met dak- nut thuislozen in de stad Groningen, dot kan beroepsmatig zijn of omdat work forces betrokken is met de dak- en thuislozen. Dak- nut thuislozen Definities Er wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen de verschillende soorten overlast, namelijk: criminaliteit, verstoringen new wave de openbare orde en audiovisuele overlast. Hieronder volgt een uitleg new wave de verschillende vormen van overlast en worden ook andere begrippen uitgelegd, zoals het verschil tussen een dak- nut thuisloze. Criminaliteit Deze vorm is expliciet vastgelegd en strafbaar gesteld in het Wetboek new wave Strafrecht. Definitie new wave criminaliteit: Alle gedragingen dice bij de wet strafbaar zijn gesteld ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/25790, 2009 ) Verstoringen new wave de openbare orde Hierbij gaat het vooral om het in bezit nemen van de openbare ruimte, bijvoorbeeld door samenscholingen new wave drugsverslaafden op straat, plein, portiek of in een plantsoen. Deze vorm is minder objectief, maar juridisch enigszins omschreven in de zogenoemde Algemene Plaatselijke Verordeningen ( APV s ) . Deze gedragingen zijn onder meer: op straat urineren ( wildplassen ) gebruik new wave intoxicant op straat, illegaal tippelen, schreeuwen, tieren of op andere wijze hinderlijke geluiden verwekken of zonder redelijk doel ophouden in portiek, poort of tegen een raamkozijn of drempel zitten of liggen. Audiovisuele overlast Hierbij moet worden gedacht aan thorn, hinderlijk en onaangenaam gedrag, zonder digital audiotape Er sprake is van criminaliteit of ordeverstorende gedragingen zoals omschreven in de APV ( Intraval, 2009 ) . Daklozen Dit zijn mensen zonder een Eigen huge onderkomen. In deze groep vallen drie groepen Te onderscheiden: mensen dice gebruik maken new wave de langdurende opvang, mensen die gebruikmaken new wave de kortdurende opvang en buitenslapers. ( Stichting new wave de straat, 2006 ) Vanzelfsprekend zijn deze scheidslijnen niet absoluut. Kort- nut langdurende opvang Met kortdurende opvang wordt de ( nacht ) opvang bedoeld waar een dakloze zich per nacht moet laten inschrijven. Opvang die voor een langere periode zekerheid biedt wordt langdurende opvang genoemd. Buitenslapers Dit zijn daklozen dice om verschillende redenen geen gebruik maken new wave enige vorm new wave opvang. Deze redenen kunnen bestaan uit het niet hebben new wave financiele middelen voor de opvang en het weigeren van korte opvang. Thuislozen Is de term dice gebruikt wordt voor mensen zonder of met een zeer geringe maatschappelijke positie. Er kan gedacht worden aan sociaal geA?soleerde werklozen, geraniumdrinkers maar ook mensen dice gebruik maken new wave woonbegeleiding en preparation. Dak- nut thuislozen Dit is de groep mensen die ontstaat wanneer je de daklozen en thuislozen rain trees voegt. Multigebruikers Dit zijn mensen binnen de groep dak- thuislozen dice verschillende soorten drugs en intoxicant tot zich nemen. Verwervingsactiviteiten Dit zijn de bezigheden van dak- thuisloze drugs en intoxicant gebruikers om geld bij elkaar Te sprokkelen voor Hun gebruik drugs en intoxicant gebruik zie verder het hoofdstuk probleem, alinea criminele activiteiten voor een aantal voorbeelden over verschillende wervingsactiviteiten. Gegevens De groep dak- en thuislozen bestaat in Groningen uit zon 800 mensen ( Stichting new wave de straat 2006 ) . De groep overlast veroorzakers in heated A-Kwartier bestaat uit zon 90 personen. Als er cijfers geA?nterpreteerd worden met betrekking tot overlast dient work forces zich new wave het volgende bewust Te zijn. Een melding gaat meestal niet over een incident maar over een patroon new wave overlast. Dus ook ALSs het gemeten meldingen Klein is, kan de daadwerkelijke overlast groot zijn. Aantal meldingen bij het Meldpunt Overlast en Zorg in 2008: 2905. Uit het centrum komen de meeste meldingen binnen new wave overlast. Het aantal meldingen per 100 inwoners ligt tot wel drie keer hoger ALSs andere delen new wave de stad ( 5 meldingen per 100 inwoners in 2008 ) . Met 27,1 % new wave het totaal is drugsoverlast de voornaamste soort overlast van het centrum. ( Bureau Onderzoek Gemeente Groningen, 2009 ) Demografische ontwikkelingen new wave de dak- en thuislozen in de stad Groningen. De demografische ontwikkeling new wave de dak- en thuislozen in de gemeente Groningen wordt Al jaren bijgehouden door een intensief contact Te onderhouden met de opvangvoorzieningen en met de zorginstellingen. Het aantal dak- nut thuislozen is al jaren zon 800 personen in de gemeente Groningen. In de onderstaande tabel is te zien digital audiotape Er stijging is in 2006 new wave het aantal buiten slapers in de stad Groningen naar een totaal new wave 42. Dit is veroorzaakt doordat de OGGz en VNN ( Verslavingszorg Noord Nederland ) een aantal onbekende dak- en thuislozen beter in kaart hebben gebracht. Ook kunnen we uit de tabel opmaken digital audiotape Er een stijging is van heated aantal niet-Nederlandse buiten slapers. Daarnaast is er een toename te zien new wave het aantal vrouwen. De leeftijd van de groep daklozen wordt ook iets ouder. In 2005 is er reeds een program door de gemeente Groningen gemaakt. Dit is heated program Uit de Goot. Echter volgens curate Gerhard ter Beek new wave pastoraal-diaconaal centrum de Open Hof komt new wave dot program erg weinig terecht. Volgens ter Beek heeft de gemeente naarmate de tijd verstreek zich steeds meer teruggetrokken, en minder tijd, geld en personeel in het undertaking gestoken. Ook is heated voor centrum de Open Hof erg moeizaam om hierover in gesprek Tes komen met de gemeente Groningen. Volgens het in 2005 opgestelde actieplan Uit de Goot zou Er in het jaar 2006 niemand meer buiten slapen, dot program is vervolgens uitgesteld naar het jaar 2008. Echter uit de bovenstaande Tabel 3 blijkt digital audiotape ook in 2008 Er nog steeds dak- en thuislozen zijn dice geen plek hebben om binnen Te slapen. Verder valt Er over de twisten of de doelgroep zelf, de dak- en thuislozen wel een plek om Te slapen willen hebben, of digital audiotape ze niet liever buiten zijn. Dit is te verklaren door heated feit digital audiotape in 2006 de openingstijden van de Open Hof zijn uitgebreid, terwijl het aantal bezoekers is afgenomen. Het aantal allochtone bezoekers is genuine wel gestegen. In 2008 zijn de openingstijden weer enigszins afgenomen. Bron: www.digidak.nl Site voor en new wave dakloze mensen in de stad Groningen. Bezoekersbeleid Open Hof 2008 Gezien De bezoekcijfers van het jaar 2008 is er redelijke stabiliteit ten opzichte new wave de laatste jaren. Het aantal bezoeken ligt rond de 20.000. In 2008 is heated 19.583, in 2007 was het 20.040 dus het is enigszins verminderd. De reden voor deze vermindering is dat de Open Hof in 2008 iets minder unfastened is dan in 2007, maar relatief gezien zijn er per uur meer bezoekers dan de voorgaande jaren. December was ook in 2008 de drukste maand, vanwege de weersomstandigheden. Maandag is de drukste dekagram, zaterdag de rustigste. Bron: www.openhof.org Jaarverslag 2008. Gezien de vele plannen van de gemeente Groningen is er toch Te zien uit meerdere bronnen digital audiotape het aantal dak- nut thuislozen digital audiotape gebruik maakt new wave opvang hetzelfde blijft, waardoor Er ook valt te concluderen digital audiotape Er een groep is die geen gebruik wil/kan maken van de geboden voorzieningen. De reden hiervoor kan zijn digital audiotape Er een groep daklozen is die geen onderdak wil, maar dice dot leven ambieren. Hierdoor zal er altijd een gedeelte blijven digital audiotapes buiten zal slapen. Er zijn veel verschillende groepen dhak en thuislozen is te lezen op www.ontmoeting.org. Onder de dak- en thuislozen bevinden zich o.a. drugsverslaafden, prostituees, illegalen, zwervers en mensen dice een psychisch probleem hebben. De leeftijd is enorm frogmans, new wave tieners tot bejaarden.. Het is genuine wel opvallend digital audiotape het overgrote deel new wave de dak- en thuislozen new wave het mannelijke geslacht zijn. Slechts 15 % new wave de dak- en thuislozen zijn vrouw, waarvan de meesten werkzaam zijn ALSs prostituee, vaak in combinatie met een drugsverslaving. Verder valt op digital audiotape Er een steeds meer allochtone dak- nut thuislozen komen. Door het feit dat ze de taal niet spreken, en zich niet goed hebben kunnen aanpassen in Nederland is heated mogelijk digital audiotape ze op straat komen te staan, waarna ze zich in heated zwervers circuit vestigen. Ook komt heated door het feit digital audiotape er Allochtone mensen zijn die terug moeten naar Hun Eigen land, waarna ze zich ALSs illegaal op straat gaan vestigen. Probleem Na een gesprek Te hebben gehad met dhr. B. Aanen van de politie Groningen ( coordinator overlast centrum en A-kwartier ) , zijn we tot de conclusie gekomen dat er behoefte is voor de dak- en thuislozen om activiteiten Te doen, waarbij ze iets voor de maatschappij kunnen betekenen. Deze activiteiten zouden onder andere kunnen bestaan uit het klusjes doen voor mensen dice gebruik willen maken new wave deze hulp. Vanuit de gemeente Groningen is er behoefte om de overlast dice deze doelgroep in de omgeving veroorzaakt Te beperken. Het Groningse college new wave B A ; W wil heated aantal dak- en thuislozen de komende jaren op achthonderd houden. Dat is heated niveau van 2006. Een stevige opgave, stelt heated college new wave B A ; W, gezien de verwachte toename van dak- nut thuislozen.B A ; W gaan daarom excess investeren in preventie nut nazorg. Het college wil dak- nut thuislozen zo snel mogelijk weer een thuis bieden, zo nodig met een persoonlijk program. ( Gemeente Groningen ) . In heated gesprek met dhr. B. Aanen van de politie Groningen ( coordinator overlast centrum en A-kwartier ) , is naar voren gekomen dat de gemeente Groningen een aanhoudende stroom klachten binnen krijgt, met betrekking tot de overlast die dak- nut thuislozen veroorzaken. De gemeente Groningen wil digital audiotape de overlast die veroorzaakt wordt door de dak- en thuislozen wordt terug gedrongen, hierdoor hebben de mensen een rustiger leven en hebben ze een veiliger gevoel. Oorzaak van de deze overlast zou kunnen liggen in het feit digital audiotape deze mensen geen reguliere tijdsinvulling hebben en merendeels buiten de maatschappij staan. De overlast van Dak- en thuisloze drugsgebruikers is verschillend. Overdag is heated relatief rustig en zo is er s nachts het meeste overlast in heated A-kwartier. De reden hiervoor is dat dot tijdstip en de plaats de beschutting geeft voor de criminele activiteiten. Het is donker, er zijn andere mensen op straat waardoor de groep minder opvalt en Hun activiteiten zonder veel commotie kunnen voortzetten. De overlast is ALSs volgt ingedeeld in 3 groepen: Audiovisueel De overlast dice de groep veroorzaakt bestaat voornamelijk uit lawaai. Dit wordt om verschillende redenen veroorzaakt. Zo zijn Er groeperingen dice elkaar new wave een ruime afstand begroeten, zoals de Antillianen. Deze groeperingen hebben de neiging elkaar new wave honderden metres afstand te begroeten. Ook rijden traders met Hun luidruchtige car s de hele nacht af en aan waarbij zij met hun portierramen geopend hun zeer luid staande muziek de openbare ruimte in slingeren. Verder produceren ruzies die ontstaan tijdens en/of rondom criminaliteit en drugs gebruik veel geluidsoverlast. Openbare orde verstoringen De groep dak- en thuislozen overtreed zonder uitzondering de Algemene Plaatselijke Verordeningen ( APV ) van de gemeente Groningen. Veel voorkomend overtredingen zijn: ( overmatig ) alcoholgebruik, actief bedelen, heated zonder reden ophouden in een portiek, wildplassen, heated dragen new wave messen en andere verboden voorwerpen, zoals wapens en dieven gereedschap. Criminele activiteiten Vermogensdelicten komen veel voor. De meest voorkomende delicten zijn: oplichting, smokkel, zakkenrollen en heling. De meeste new wave deze delicten zijn in heated kader new wave verwervingsactiviteiten. Geweldsdelicten worden ook gepleegd, maar minder. Hierbij gaat het om geweld naar elkaar, ( winkel ) diefstal, maar ook om bijvoorbeeld twee overvallen met een Maines dit jaar. Behoeften en voorzieningen Welzijnsbehoeften Welke welzijnsbehoeften heeft een dak- nut thuisloze? Dat is de vraag dice in dot deel new wave â€Å"De doelgroep† centraal staat. Om te kunnen kijken naar de ( welzijns ) behoeften van de dak- nut thuisloze, kijkt de projectgroep eerst naar die van de mens in het algemeen, om dot vervolgens te vertalen naar de dak- en thuisloze. Abraham H. Maslow ( Brooklyn, 1 April 1908 Californie , 8 juni 1970 ) een klinische psycholoog zette deze basisbehoeften in een bepaalde volgorde en creeerde hiermee de piramide van Maslow. Zijn idee achter de piramide is, dat je eerst voldoet aan de basisbehoefte voordat je hoger op de piramide kan komen. Maslow stelde dat moose levend wezen dezelfde behoeftes nastreeft. Wanneer aan een behoefte voldaan is schuift het individu op naar een hogere plaats op de piramide. Wanneer een trap ontbreekt of wegvalt, zal het individu opnieuw aan deze behoefte moeten voldoen alvorens terug te kunnen stijgen. Het is niet mogelijk om bepaalde niveaus over te slaan. ( Over Abraham H. Maslow, 2009 ) Uit onderzoek door heated Trimbos-instituut in 2005, wat gehouden is onder 110 dak- nut thuislozen in Leiden, zeggen dak- nut thuisloze mensen zelf, digital audiotape zij behoefte hebben aan hulp bij huisvesting ( 65 % ) , financien ( 47 % ) , gebitsproblemen ( 36 % ) , heated vinden new wave werk ( 33 % ) en lichamelijke gezondheid ( 23 % ) . ( RIVM, 2009 ) Misschien kunnen we met een kleine steekproef nog onderzoeken of deze cijfers nog relevant zijn voor de dak- en thuislozen in Groningen. De lichamelijke behoeften volgens de piramide van Maslow zijn: voedsel, drinken nut ontlasting. Maslow verstaat onder lichamelijke behoeften ook seks, evenals andere lichamelijke zaken zoals sport en comfort. Dak- en thuislozen hebben behoefte aan gezondheidszorg, zowel psychische ALSs lichamelijke zorg. Volgens Stichting Ontmoeting heeft 80 % new wave de dak- en thuislozen in Nederland, psychische problemen waarvan een behoorlijke deel een persoonlijkheidsstoornis ( zoals bijvoorbeeld schizofrenie ) . Daarnaast is er een groep new wave ongeveer 80 % dice een verslavingsachtergrond ( intoxicant, drugs of gokken ) heeft. De mens heeft volgens Maslow behoefte aan een zekere mate new wave veiligheid en zekerheid, het individu gaat beveiliging zoeken in een georganiseerde kleine of grote groep. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld de buurt, heated gezin of het bedrijf zijn. Typische voorbeelden zijn: huisvesting, werk en relaties. Dak- en thuislozen hebben een donging gemeen: ze lijden aan thuisloosheid. Dak- en thuislozen zijn op straat terechtgekomen door uiteenlopende redenen. Deze redenen kunnen zijn: werkloosheid, geen sociale uitkering hebben, huisuitzettingen door wooncorporaties, alcoholisme, illegalen zonder verblijfsvergunning, verslaving aan drugs of een psychische ziekte. Dak- en thuislozen hebben in eerste instantie onderdak nodig waar ze onder andere kunnen douchen en slapen. In de gemeente Groningen zijn er diverse voorzieningen voor de opvang van dak-en thuislozen, deze voorzieningen worden vermeld in ‘De Sociale Kaart . Naast wonen hebben dak- nut thuislozen behoefte aan hulp bij Hun financien, blijkt uit het onderzoek new wave het Trimbos-instituut. Hierbij kan heated gaan om schuldsanering, hulp bij het beheren new wave Hun financien of hulp bij het aanvragen new wave een bijstand uitkering. Door middel van de financiele hulp kunnen dak- en thuislozen zichzelf voorzien van eten, drinken, kleding en medicatie. Dak- nut thuislozen hebben ook activiteiten nodig, in de vorm new wave scholing, werk of dagbesteding, anders gaan ze weer de straat op. Traumatische ervaringen kunnen dusdanige invloed hebben digital audiotape iemand in het daklozencircuit terecht is gekomen. Om deze ervaringen Te kunnen verwerken is een veilige omgeving nodig. Het vertrouwen in de maatschappij moet weer worden hersteld. ( Stichting Ontmoeting, 2009 ) . Ieder individu heeft volgens Maslow behoefte aan sociaal contact, behoefte aan vriendschap, liefde en positief sociale relaties. Dak- en thuislozen hebben niet of in mindere mate het vermogen om contact Te leggen met andere mensen, ze hebben het vertrouwen verloren in de maatschappij. Uit onderzoek new wave het Trimbos-instituut blijkt digital audiotape dak- en thuislozen aangeven geen behoefte Te hebben aan een sociaal netwerk. Dit zou kunnen komen doordat het hoger op de piramide van Maslow staat. Door allerlei oorzaken hebben dak- nut thuislozen geen vertrouwen meer in de medemens. Ieder mens heeft een veilige omgeving nodig om zich Te kunnen ontwikkelen tot een sociaal, zelfstandig functionerend persoon. Dak- en thuislozen hebben contact met de omgeving ( familie, vrienden, , ) , de instanties ( hulpverlening, sociale dienst, ) , en de lotgenoten die Als in de maatschappij teruggekeerd zijn, nodig. Uit de praktijk blijkt digital audiotape dak- en thuislozen, naast professionele hulpverlening, behoefte hebben aan iemand dice een contact aangaat met ALSs doel er Te zijn voor de ander, een maatje. Dit schept zelfvertrouwen en stimuleert tot heated nemen van Eigen initiatieven. Men krijgt het gevoel weer mee Te tellen in de maatschappij. ( Provincie Utrecht, 2009 ) Ieder individu heeft behoefte aan waardering en erkenning, die de competentie en het aanzien in groepsverband verhogen ; het belang hechten aan de position in sociaal verband. Ook is er behoefte aan zelfontplooiing of zelfactualisatie, de behoefte om zijn persoonlijkheid en zijn mentale groeimogelijkheden Te ontwikkelen. Voordat een dak- nut thuisloze, dus kan werken aan zijn zelfontplooiing is heated dus new wave belang digital audiotape alle onderliggende stappen new wave de piramide doorlopen zijn en daar peg steeds aan voldaan wordt. Uit gespreken gevoerd door de Stichting Klaverblad Zeeland met clienten en bezoekers new wave dekagram activiteiten centra, beschermde en begeleide woonvormen, verslavingszorg en de dak- en thuislozenopvang, blijkt digital audiotape ze zich het meest geholpen voelen met goede ondersteuning om uit het leven ALSs dak- of thuisloze Te komen. Het weer wennen aan verantwoordelijkheden, verplichtingen en verwachtingen is een noodzakelijk voortraject, alvorens de draad van gewoon leven en werken weer op Te pakken. Hierbij wordt bedoeld, het meer stimuleren tot deelname aan ( sociale ) activeringstrajecten. Mensen komen in een ander ritme en kunnen wennen aan een regelmatig bestaan. Nuttig zijn vergroot ook het zelfvertrouwen. ( Stichting Klaverblad Zeeland, 2009 ) Wat is nodig om in die behoefte Te voorzien Het doel new wave het schrijven van de adviesnota, is heated vergroten en ondersteunen van de zelfredzaamheid, de maatschappelijke participatie en het zelfstandig functioneren van de doelgroep, dak- nut thuislozen. Om aan deze behoefte voor deze voorziening te voldoen, zijn samenwerkingsverbanden noodzakelijk, samenwerkingsverbanden tussen bijvoorbeeld: gemeente, politie, WMO Groningen, inloophuizen, buurthuizen en instellingen voor intoxicant en drugsverslaving. Een vertrouwensrelatie tussen bestuurders, professionals, bewoners en dak- nut thuislozen is een harde voorwaarde voor het slagen new wave een undertaking. ( Werken aan maatschappelijke ondersteuning, Kees Penninx, Cecil Scholten en anderen, 2005 ) . Indien er een bewonersraad is van de instelling van dak- nut thuislozen, is daar dan een ook een vertegenwoordiger new wave in de officiele bewonersraad van de wijk. Het inventariseren new wave contactpersonen zal dus belangrijk zijn om ook informatie uit de doelgroep zelf te krijgen. Indien alle betrokken partijen gebruikmaken new wave het 8-fasenmodel new wave het NIZW, kunnen instellingen de individuele begeleiding in de maatschappelijke opvang ( beter ) organiseren. Het is een methode om gestructureerd nut in samenwerking met clienten Te werken aan haalbare begeleidingsdoelen. Het geeft medewerkers en clienten een houvast om gericht activiteiten te doen. Daarbij kan heated gaan om het werken aan meer zelfredzaamheid new wave de client, maar ook om het behouden new wave de hoogst haalbare vorm new wave prettig en bescherm wonen ( 8-fasenmodel NIZW ) . Er dient dus intensieve communicatie Te zijn tussen de diverse instanties en de vertegenwoordigers van de doelgroep. Ook het potentieel van de doelgroep zelf moeten we inzetten om het undertaking hetgeen inhoud het vergroten en ondersteunen van de zelfredzaamheid, de maatschappelijke participatie en het zelfstandig functioneren van de doelgroep, dak- en thuislozen Te doen slagen. Uit Plan van aanpak Regionaal Kompas Groningen blijkt digital audiotape Er een goede samenwerking is tussen de verschillende voorzieningen. Zelfs zodanig digital audiotape ze Er in slagen om tachtig procent new wave de mensen die dak- of thuisloos raken weer een thuis geboden kan worden. Al dan niet met begeleiding. OGGz, openbare geestelijke gezondheidszorg Groningen, is een samenwerkingsverband tussen geestelijke gezondheidszorg ( Lentis ) , maatschappelijke en juridische hulpverlening ( MJD ) , GGD Groningen en verslavingszorg noord Nederland ( VNN ) . Dit samenwerkingsverband heeft zich ALSs doel gesteld om langdurig zorgafhankelijke mensen met een vaak meervoudige problematiek Te helpen, zoals de groep dak- nut thuislozen. De OGGz is destijds overgeheveld new wave de AWBZ naar de WMO. Zij hebben een beleidsnota op gesteld â€Å"Uit de goot† . Hieruit blijkt digital audiotape Er reeds veel werk is verzet en digital audiotape de problematiek rond de dak- en thuislozen een complex erkend gegeven is. De samenwerking binnen de OGGz heeft tot mooie resultaten geleid. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn digital audiotape de opvang voorzieningen voor dak- nut thuislozen beter op elkaar aansluiten. Ook de dagbesteding is een goed georganiseerd geheel. Het mooiste voorbeeld is wellicht het feit digital a udiotape een aantal overlegvormen rondom overlast zijn opgeheven, simpelweg vanwege het feit digital audiotape ze een gebrek hadden aan docket punten. De Groninger aanpak trekt landelijke belangstelling. Delegaties van heated Ministerie new wave Justitie nut andere delegaties bezoeken heated Groningerland om met eigen ogen de werkwijze van de OGGz Te bestuderen. Signalering is een belangrijk gegeven in een eerste kennismaking met een eventueel toekomstige dak- of thuisloze. Huiseigenaren, hulpverleners en politie spelen daarin een belangrijke rol. Een huisbaas kan aangeven, o.a. bij de OGGz, wanneer uitzetting, vanwege wanbetaling, dreigt. Is uitzetting een feit, dan is er voor sommigen de mogelijkheid tot herhuisvesting bij â€Å"Woonkans† . Woonkans betreft een samenlevingsverband tussen de diverse wooncorporaties, Maatschappelijk en juridische dienstverlening ( MJD ) en Verslavingszorg Noord Nederland ( VNN ) . Een medewerker new wave Woonkans legt contact tussen de â€Å"uitgezette† persoon nut een hulpverlener new wave en new wave bovengenoemde instanties. Er zijn dus wel voorwaarden verbonden aan deze vorm new wave herhuisvesting. Ook de MJD heeft een signalerende functie en kan door de samenwerking binnen de OGGz een preventieve taak uitvoeren. Verslavingszorg Noord Nederland draagt zorg voor de begeleiding en behandeling new wave de verslaafde dak- nut thuisloze. Zij doet dot via de opvanginstellingen. VNN werkt ALSs onderdeel van de OGGz nauw rain trees met de psychiatrische zorginstelling Lentis. Lentis draagt zorg voor de psychiatrische hulpverlening aan dak- nut thuislozen in de opvangvoorzieningen. Daarnaast heeft zij een adviserende taak 10 behoeve new wave de medewerkers in de opvangvoorzieningen. Uit bovenstaande kunnen we concluderen dat Er een nauwe samenwerking is tussen de verschillende subjects. Er zijn verschillende samenwerkingsverbanden met elkaar aangegaan en deze overlegstructuren hebben onderling ook de nodige contact momenten. Om tot een goed eindproduct Te komen moeten we in contact komen met de probleem veroorzakende dak- en thuislozen en de buurtbewoners die de dak- en thuislozen ALSs een probleem ervaren. De projectgroep zal een instelling moeten vinden dice een vinger aan de pols houdt voor wat betreft het verdere verloop new wave het undertaking en eventueel voorkomende problemen, waarbij de hulpverlening gericht moet zijn op een persoonlijke aanpak van dak- nut thuislozen, om hem of haar terug Te integreren in de maatschappij. Een wisselwerking tussen de betrokken instelling, dak- en thuislozen en buurtbewoners zou een mooi resultaat new wave het undertaking zijn. Uit tabel 1 valt Te concluderen digital audiotape de kortdurende opvang de meeste populariteit geniet onder de dak- en thuislozen. Het totaal aan dak- nut thuislozen wat gebruikt maakt new wave de maatschappelijke opvang is genuine niet zoals vermeld in de tabel 790, maar slechts 572. Met 800 dak- nut thuislozen is heated dus de vraag of er geconcludeerd kan worden digital audiotape Er een tekort aan maatschappelijke opvang plaatsen is. Een andere vraag die opkomt, of de opvang mogelijkheden bij alle dak- en thuislozen bekent is en/of zij daar wel of niet bewust gebruik new wave maken. Tabel 2 laat ons zien dat Er een afname is van heated aantal meldingen new wave overlast, met uitzondering new wave de meldingen aangaande dierenoverlast en verwaarlozing. De rol van de WMO en de relevante spelers Rol new wave de WMO en de relevante spelers WMO is de Wet Maatschappelijk Ondersteuning. WMO draagt ertoe bij digital audiotape alle Burgers in de samenleving kunnen participeren, iedereen moet in de samenleving mee kunnen doen. Dat geldt voor jonge en gezonde mensen maar ook voor Burgers met disability of beperking. WMO zorgt ervoor digital audiotape de gemeente Burgers helpt ALSs ze hulp nodig hebben. Hierbij kan heated gaan om hindernissen in en om het huis, het plaatselijk vervoer en het ontmoeten new wave andere personen. Het gaat erom digital audiotape Burgers mee kunnen doen in samenleving, ALSs het niet lukt zonder hulp, dan mogen Burgers de gemeente vragen om biddy Te helpen. Voor de doelgroep dak- nut thuislozen, is er sprake new wave het regelen van maatschappelijk opvang en daklozen opvang. Dak- en thuislozen moeten zelfstandig kunnen wonen in Hun Eigen huis, wijk of buurt. De ondersteuning verschilt new wave persoon tot persoon. De relevante spelers zijn ALSs vangnet voor daken thuislozen. Ze bieden een onderdak voor bepaalde periode, begeleiding en dagbesteding. Uiteindelijk is heated doel om ze Te laten re-integreren in de maatschappij. Wie zijn de relevante spelers? Er zijn diverse instanties betrokken bij de opvang en/of ondersteuning van dak- nut thuislozen in de gemeente Groningen. Daar naast is er nog de politie die vooral de problematiek signaleert en optreed. Tussen de diverse instanties zijn overleg- nut samenwerkingsverbanden. Instanties die zich bezig houden met de opvang zijn: Woonvoorziening Hiddemaheerd LIMOR ( Landelijk Instelling voor Maatschappelijk Ondersteuning en Rehabilitatie ) Stichting Huis Thuiszorg Groningen Leger diethylstilbestrols Heils Twaalfde huis Instanties die zich bezig houden met fysieke en persoonlijke verzorging en hulpverlening zijn Verslavingszorg Noord Nederland ( VNN ) Salon de Marne De Wasplaats Sociale dienst De gemeente heeft in de WMO een centrale rol want de gemeente kent haar inwoners en is in staat om in te spelen op de lokale behoeften. Door de invoering new wave de WMO moet de gemeente Groningen met heated oog ook op de zelfredzaamheid, maatschappelijke participatie en leefbaarheid van de woonomgeving het volgende regelen: regie voeren rond wonen, zorg en welzijn. bepalen wat nodig is en anderen uitnodigen de openbare aanbesteding aan Te bieden. de financiering regelen in combinatie met eigen bijdrage. het informeren, adviseren en ondersteunen ALSs taak krijgen. het verslavingsbeleid voeren. WMO vormt een impuls voor bovengenoemde welzijnsorganisaties ( instellingen voor dak- en thuislozen ) om een belangrijke speler Te worden in heated veld new wave lokale aanbieders van maatschappelijk ondersteuning. Het is aan de instellingen om de kansen te pakken en tijdig in te spelen op mogelijke bedreigingen: breng formele en informele hulpbronnen bij elkaar, organiseer contactmogelijkheden, lever een bijdrage aan een leefbare en veilige woonomgeving, lever persoonlijke diensten en combineer deze met een signalerende en ondersteunende rol ( Werken aan maatschappelijke ondersteuning, Kees Penninx, Cecil Scholten e.a. , 2005 ) Een voorbeeld hier is van: Stichting Huis voor dak- thuislozen in Groningen biedt sinds 1981 onderdak aan mensen die tijdelijk of lasting dak- thuisloos zijn. Zij doet dot door zelf of rain trees met anderen opvang- nut woonvoorzieningen Te exploiteren. Tevens wordt in toenemende mate ambulante woonbegeleiding aangeboden. Stichting Huis richt zich op een zeer brede doelgroep. Door een frogmans, laagdrempelig dienstverleningsaanbod Te creeren probeert zij eenieder een passend aanbod Te doen. De opvangvoorzieningen zijn zo georganiseerd, digital audiotape verschillende probleemgroepen opgevangen ( kunnen ) worden. Daarbij wordt niet de problematiek van de client centraal gesteld, maar zijn de nog aanwezige mogelijkheden het uitgangspunt. Acceptatie van de client staat voorop. Tevens wordt aandacht geschonken aan preventie en signalering. Door te voorzien in de onderdak- , voedings- nut verzorgingsbehoefte van rond de 150 dak- thuislozen wordt de overlast op straat voorkomen. Door ook de begeleiding naar hulpverlening ter manus Te nemen, wordt de kennis van de stichting doorgegeven aan anderen. Stichting Huis werkt nauw rain trees met gespecialiseerde hulpverleningsinstellingen en SoZaWe. Tevens bestaat Er samenhang met diverse vormen van dagbesteding nut dagopvang. Met inachtneming new wave elkaars invalshoeken en specialismen, worden op maatwerkbasis individuele thuis- nut daklozen new wave een passend aanbod voorzien. De doelstelling new wave de maatschappelijke opvang is: iedereen zijn of haar plek Te geven die hij of zij verdient en aankan. Daarbij wordt de zelfstandigheid en verantwoordelijkheid van de dak- thuisloze gestimuleerd. De draagkracht van de client bepaalt de grenzen daarvan. Zo kan voor de een gelden, digital audiotape geprobeerd wordt hem of haar weer zo snel mogelijk zelfstandig Te laten functioneren, terwijl voor de ander een woonmilieu met een permanente bescherming gezocht of georganiseerd moet worden. ( Stichtinghuis, 2009 ) De hulpverleners die ook bovengenoemde zijn hebben in de WMO een taak om de dak- en thuislozen Te stimuleren om hun kennis, vaardigheden, capaciteiten, oplossingsstrategieen, sociale contacten en andere hulpbronnen Te ontwikkelen en Hun sterkte kanten in Te zetten voor het oplossen van de eigen problemen en eventueel ook dice new wave anderen, hier is sprake new wave lotgenoten. ( Werken aan maatschappelijke ondersteuning, Kees Penninx, Cecil Scholten e.a. 2005 ) Literatuurlijst Bureau Onderzoek Gemeente Groningen ( 2009 ) Jaarverslag 2007 en 2008 Meldpunt Overlast A ; Zorg, Groningen: Bureau Onderzoek Gemeente Groningen. Bureau Onderzoek Gemeente Groningen ( 2007 ) Plek om te slapen Dak- nut thuislozenmonitor, Groningen: Bureau Onderzoek Gemeente Groningen. Gemeente Groningen ( 2008 ) Plan van aanpak regionaal Kompas gemeente Groningen 2008-2012 ambtelijk construct 7. Groningen: Gemeente Groningen. Gemeente Groningen ( 2009 ) Nota Onder Dak, Groningen: Gemeente Groningen. Gesprek met B. Aanen ( 2009 ) Politie Groningen coordinator overlast centrum en A-kwartier. Hanzehogeschool ( 2009 ) Client in perspectief, Groningen: Hanzehogeschool. hypertext transfer protocol: //gemeente.groningen.nl/b-w-besluiten/gemeente-wil-aantal-dak-en-thuislozen-op-800.html, 14-09-2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //gemeente.groningen.nl/persberichten/college-wil-aantal-dak-en-thuislozen-stabiliseren, 14-09-2009. Hulsbosch L, Nicholas S, Wolf J. ( 2005 ) Dakloos in Leiden. Onderzoek naar omvang en kenmerken van de daklozenpopulatie, Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. Intraval ( 2009 ) Drugs gerelateerde overlast, Groningen: Intraval. Landelijk Platform GGz ( 2009 ) Website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lokaleversterking.nl, Utrecht: Landelijk Platform GGz. Maatjesproject dak- nut thuislozen 2006 ( 2009 ) Website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.provincie-utrecht.nl/ , Utrecht: Provincie Utrecht. NIWZ ( onbekend ) Folder 8-Fasenmodel Kennismaking met een praktische manier new wave planmatig werken in de maatschappelijke opvang, Utrecht: NIZW Over Abraham H. Maslow ( 2009 ) Website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.over-maslow.com/ Penninx, K. Scholten, C. en anderen ( 2005 ) Werken aan maatschappelijke ondersteuning Een handreiking voor sociale professionals, Utrecht: Lemma/NIZW. Stichting Ontmoeting ( 2009 ) Website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ontmoeting.org/ , Houten: Stichting Ontmoeting. Stichting Klaverblad Zeeland ( 2009 ) Brochure Gewoon Meedoen, Goes: Klaverblad Zeeland. Stichting new wave de straat/OCSW ( 2006 ) ( omega ) onderdak, Groningen: Stichting new wave de straat/ OCSW. Zorgbalans 2008 ( 2009 ) Website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rivm.nl/ , Bilthoven: RIVM. werken aan maatschappelijke ondersteuning, Kees Penninx, Cecil Scholten e.a. 2005 www.stichtinghuis.nl ( 2009 )

Action of Barbituates Essays

Action of Barbituates Essays Action of Barbituates Essay Action of Barbituates Essay Homework Assignment Chapter 4 Addiction Studies (BHHS) Sherman Howard 1. Describe, the action of Barbiturates. They reduce sensory sensitivity to pleasure or pain. Replace’s the need for sex, food and emotional involvement. 2. Describe the action of benzodiazepines and their withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines are minor tranquilizers; they cause dopamine levels to surge producing a pleasurable sensation. Withdrawal involves seizures, convulsions, and even death. 3. What is the biggest danger with drug synergism when using two depressant drugs? Overdose! 4. What is a paradoxical reaction to tranquilizers? Becoming more active instead of calmer. 5. Why is withdrawal so life threatening for alcohol and the barbiturates? Both can lead to Seizures and death. 6. Who is the hidden addict? An unborn Fetus can be, if the mother is an addict. ______________________________________________________________________________ Part Two: 1. What is the approximate percentage of alcohol in beer? Wine? Whiskey? Beer5% Wine15% Whiskey45% 2. What does BAC stand for? Blood Alcohol Concentration. 3. Describe the processing of alcohol from digestion to absorption. 0% is absorbed by the stomach the remaining 80% is absorbed in the small intestines. 4. What is alcohol effect on digestion and liver? Alcohol can stop digestion and increase hydrochloric acid production. Alcohol also causes a drop in blood sugar which can lead to a hypoglycemic state. 5. Name some factors that often predict alcoholism? Poor learning ability, poor judgment, short-term memory is aff ected. 6. After frequent high dose use†¦ which is more dangerous: immediate alcohol withdrawal or immediate heroin withdrawal? Alcohol is more immediate. Sherman Howard

Chinese and Western Landscape painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese and Western Landscape painting - Essay Example The painting offers a unique feature that makes it one of the greatest surviving masterpieces not just in China but throughout the artistic world. The significance of this painting is reflected in the time taken to finish it. The landscape painting had emerged into an autonomous genre that clearly embodied the nature longing of cultivated persons to escape quotidian world to commune with the universe. The Lackawanna Valley is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. the artist inclusion of various tree stumps in the in his work foreground makes the piece of work unique, The painting exemplifies a significant philosophical dilemma that many Americans were tackling in the 1850s; Growth inevitably demanded the widespread destruction of nature which was not spoiled. My final comment to this piece of art is the effective use of muted colors experience also known as (Tonalism). This makes the paint a unique master piece and a reflective of the era that is such i mportant in the history of American civilization. From these and other observations, I came to a conclusion this work would be associated to the theme of westward expansion and its effects. Both landscape painters from the West and China have embedded their emotion and personal feelings towards the image as opposed to shallow depiction or appearance of the object. Nonetheless, most of the landscape painting from the west like this one in particular is largely affected by faith of Christian religion.

Chinese art - From the Foundation-fount of Painting Essay

Chinese art - From the Foundation-fount of Painting - Essay Example The essay "Chinese art - From the Foundation-fount of Painting" discovers Chinese philosophy of art from the foundation fount of painting. Chinese painters were a conservative bunch. They did not see the relevance of exploring other themes aside from their culture until the Europeans came to their land. However, this does not mean that the Chinese art of painting did not evolve at all. Initially, the painters were tied to making frescoes on temple and palace walls. The frescoes’ themes were mostly religious in temples while in palaces, the paintings were meant to celebrate the ruling family at that time. From frescoes, painting shifted to silk surfaces and paper. Artists relied on their own inspiration and pleasures to come up with the paintings. Painters concentrated on the beauty of landscapes and also strived to keep the memory of prominent leaders and individuals from disappearing once their eras came to a close. From literati paintings that concentrated on landscapes, hum ans and physical things, the craft shifted to formless beings and creatures. The painters became conscious of the spiritual world and they tried to enjoin the visible and invisible world through their paintings. At this point, art was acknowledged as a power to explore both the physical and spiritual world. They believed that physical creatures depended on these formless creatures for survival. Quoting from the text: what has form must rest on the without form. This means that physical life is a continuation.

Coursework Biology Essay Example for Free

Coursework Biology Essay Biology coursework: Substrate specificity in yeast AIM: To find out which substrate (glucose, starch, maltose, sucrose or lactose), does yeast, the organism containing the enzyme, breaks down the quickest. Introduction: Usually, every enzyme has a specific substrate that is what we call the â€Å"lock and key† theory. We can try the reaction of an enzyme with different substrates and this enzyme will just work well with one of those substrates. One type of reaction catalyzed by enzymes is anaerobic respiration. (fermentation), made by yeast that uses a sugar as a substrate. This reaction will produce CO2 and energy. Measuring how much CO2 the reaction produces we could know how well the enzyme is working with a substrate, checking thus its specificity. Materials: 5 Ignition tubes Pipette Glucose Maltose Sucrose Lactose Yeast Cotton wool Test tubes Stop watch Ruler Variables: Independent variable: substrate (glucose, starch, maltose, lactose, sucrose), enzyme (yeast), volume of substrate, volume of enzyme. Dependent: volume of CO2 released (measured in mm) Controlled variables: Temperature, pressure, time. Method: 1- Fill 5 ignition tubes, half with yeast (2.0 ml) and half with each corresponding substrate (2.0 ml), using a pipette. 2- Quickly after the mixture is done, place the ignition tubes upside down in a test tube, helping yourself with a pen. 3- Start the stop watch once the ignition tube is upside down in the test tube, and measure the space left (this will be time 0) 4- Place some cotton wool on the top of each test tube in order to block oxygen, and therefore, for anaerobic respiration to occur. 5- Prepare one mixture with the yeast (enzyme), and with water, to act as a control. Treat the control in the same way you have done it with the samples. 6- As anaerobic respiration occurs, CO2 is released displacing the mixture of yeast and substrate into the test tube. Measure the amount of CO2 released during 20 minutes, taking a reading of the empty space inside the ignition tube every 5 minutes. 7- Repeat the experiment 3 times for statistical purposes.

Modern Technology: Are We Too Dependent? Essay -- Internet Computers E

Modern Technology Are We Too Dependent? Internet and television, the twenty-first century has become consumed by these two relatively new forms of media. Devoting more time to one or both of these two creations than ever before, the American public is rapidly coming in from the outdoors and finding the technological marvels of the twenty-first century. Now more than ever television and internet are a major part of people’s lives. The American Society is straying away from their roots as a nature loving community and becoming a community dependent on technology. If comparing stories told by my father about his childhood to those of mine, just one generation apart, drastic differences would be seen. Stories told by my father were of him and his brothers building forts in the woods, going camping for days with neighborhood friends and playing in the woods all day until my grandmother would call him and his siblings in for dinner. My childhood was quite a bit different. I also grew up spending a great bit of my childhood playing outside with my cousins and friends. Building tree houses, playing in the fall leaves, and all the different games kids play were just a few activities of our childhood days. However unlike my father who said he can remember when the first got a television when he was 6, I grew up with television. So I became curious. I wanted to know if most people my father’s age had the same experiences with televisions. In a survey I conducted to test the two generations. The 40+ age group (parents), and the 15-25 age group (children). The following results were found: In the 40+ age group, as a child: 50% watched an average of 5-6 hours per week 50% watched an average of 7-8 hours per week .. ...our direction† (p. 163). He goes on to say that â€Å"If we’re ever to recapture these fundamental kinds of information, it’s necessary to start by remembering just how divorced from the physical world many of us have become† (p.164). These passages from the essay give the results of survey great support. As time goes on society gets further and further away from their roots. Technology is spreading all across the world. Other countries of the world are devoting just as much time to these new technological marvels as Americans do. It is my belief that before it is all said and done every person in every city across the globe will own a television, and be connected to the internet truly making it a World Wide Web. References McKibben, Bill. Daybreak. In A Forest of Voices:Conversations in Ecology – 2nd Edition (pp. 156-169). Mayfield Publishing Company.

How Aerial Travel and Cabin Pressure Adversely Affects the Human Body Essay

The idea of humans traveling to the Moon or other areas out side of the Earth’s orbit is mostly scientific. However, when astronauts remain in space, having to re-balance the body to suit less or no gravity compared to the Earth could bring about many changes to the body. Scientists have found that the time required for recovery depends on the time spent in zero-gravity conditions. The longer one stays off of the Earth’s surface, the more damage can be caused. Strictly speaking, even a trip in an Airplane would require safety precautions to minimize damage to the body of this. For example, cabin pressure increased to maintain balance and prevent feeling different to a lower pressure. This essay will consist of two sections. The first will be of flight effects within the Earth’s hemisphere, and how to perhaps prevent damage to the body. The second, and longer section deals with space travel through Zero-gravity and effects of weightlessness on the body and the cou nter-measures to prevent damage to the body. Section 1, flight effects on the passengers, specifically dealing with cabin pressure: Airplanes fly at the cruising altitude of around 33’000 feet, or approximately 10’000 meters. Because the cruising altitude has a cabin pressure lower than air pressure on ground or even under sea-level, the oxygen availability is less and gases within the body expand. This causes the oxygen saturation level of the blood to reduce, which can lead to mild hypoxia, the reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues around the body. Due to the effects of hypoxia, alcohol consumption would affect the brain much more than it would on Earth. As the aircraft makes its decent back to Earth, air must be allowed to flow into the middle of the ear to equalize pressure differences. Passengers often can feel this change in air pressure. People with ear, nose and sinus infections are usually advised to avoid flying because of these changes in air pressure. Air travel in airplanes has less thank 20% humidity. This causes discomfort to the eyes, mouth and nose but does not risk the passenger’s health. This discomfort can be prevented by drinking liquids (water recommended) before and during the flight, and using skin moisturizers. Also passengers with short-sightedness or long-sightedness are advised to wear eye-glasses rather than contact lenses during flight as the contact lenses may dry out. In order to avoid de-hydration, passengers should drink non- alcoholic beverages. Section 2, how traveling through space affects humans Astronauts often experience â€Å"Zero- Gravity† during their travels through space. This zero gravity or micro gravity can bring about health concern to the body if astronauts remain in space for a long period of time. It would be much healthier for crews to live under artificial gravity. In order to prevent any biological changes in the body when experiencing zero gravity, scientists recommend a force of artificial gravity equal to a third of the Earth’s level of gravity. However, scientists still haven’t research affects of artificial gravity on humans but they know for a fact and there is an imbalance in the body due to the shifts of gravity levels. Artificial gravity prevents physiological changes from occurring. In zero-gravity, the body deteriorates. It takes less muscle to move around, so after a long period of time in space, muscles weaken so the body bends. Because there is no tension in space, muscles relax and after a while they atrophy as a result of disuse and eventually disappear. To prevent the fracture of bones, limbs and muscles, all space shuttles give the opportunity for astronauts to do rigorous exercise everyday to keep the muscles strong. Staying in Zero-gravity for months causes bones to lose mass and get thinner, as they are not carrying any weight. This means astronauts must go through rigorous trainings in the spacecraft everyday in order to keep muscle and bone strength. â€Å"When a great deal of the crew’s precious time in space is spent exercising rather than doing science, money and potential knowledge are being squandered for the sake of health. It is a sacrifice, but a necessary one1† In space, receptors in the inner ear allow humans to sense direction. In space, ear receptors don’t receive the same cues and the mind gets used to ignoring the inner ear’s feelings about balance. Hand-eye coordination, posture and balance are all affected by the disorientation of the mind. When astronauts return to earth, they are often â€Å"overwhelmed by dizziness† and have difficulty in maintaining balance. An example of the mind adapting to the new gravity less surroundings would be with Shannon Lucid, who was on board the Russian space Station MIR for six months. The astronaut said â€Å"You just sort of get used to floating around† but we also know that floating around is not all that astronauts do- they must resist the effects of micro gravity on the body. Also, no gravity means no resistance from growing, so some astronauts return to earth some 6 inches taller than when they left. It is only after a few months that they grow down/ shrink back to normal height. This is because of the unloading of spinal discs- because of lack of gravity, the discs in the spine are not holding up or don anything, so they tend to stretch rather than contract. Traveling through micro gravity causes bodily fluids to shift from the lower body to the cephalic area (head), and so people’s faces tend to swell and become rounder than they are on earth. When the brain senses a higher amount of blood than usual, it interprets the situation that there is now an overall increase in the total volume of fluids in the body. The brain responds by triggering the excretion of fluids, making astronauts prone to dehydration. Also, the fluid redistribution can shrink legs as the bones are weaker. These fluids pass through the kidneys, causing kidney filtration rate to increase, bone loss can cause Kidney stones. Fluids that leave the body include calcium loss and bone demineralization. The loss of blood plasma causes temporary Anemia upon the return to Earth. Some crew members get â€Å"space anemia.† Scientists are concerned about the affects of catching this disease on over all crew performance. Blood volume may decrease by 10 percent. The increase of fluids in the head causes the same feeling as when one has a cold and feels blocked in. in space astronauts begin to lose their sense of taste, causing the craving for strong flavorings in the food such as horseradish, mustard and taco sauce. Fluid loss, lack of exercise and diminished appetite cause weight loss as astronauts tend not to eat as much as they would on earth. Meals and exercise are planned to prevent excessive loss. Zero-gravity affects the cardio-vascular system. On earth we must cope with gravity, which sustains or slows down the blood-flow. In zero gravity, there is no gravity force, causing the heart to slow down due to the decreased demands of blood as it travels more freely. The immune system in the body is also affected by weightlessness. In space, one is exposed to illness as the immune response lowers and numbers of anti-bodies decrease after a long exposure to micro gravity. Approximately half of all astronauts are affected by this unpleasant syndrome which affects nausea, headache, lethargy and sweating (taken from NASA sources). Also, minor effects of weightlessness on the body include puffiness in the face, flatulence, weight loss, nasal congestion and often sleeping disturbances. Upon returning to earth, recovery time depends on the duration of stay in space. Muscles are weak and the body is not used to gravity forces, (causing them to feel dizzy) and so some astronauts are taken back in stretchers. This shows why astronauts need to be â€Å"at the peak of fitness.† If in the near future the human race would build space stations as tourist resorts, some would prefer hotels with zero-gravity and some would want partial gravity, which would bring about competition like hotels on earth, which would drive prices low. As gravity affects all biological, physical and chemical processes on earth, building an International Space Station gives new opportunity to study a world without gravity and its affect on animals and other living organisms. Observing the weightlessness effect on these living organisms could teach scientists about biological processes on earth, such as aging and osteoporosis. In the end, we can see that human travel through space is safer under artificial gravity when compared to astronauts being exposed to weightlessness, micro gravity or zero gravity (all three mean the same). Most of the problems mentioned such as fluid loss and muscle deterioration would not cause problems as long as the crew remained in a weightless environment. Remaining in a zero-gravity environment for over a long period of time could cause problems, however. In 1987, in the later stages of his 326-day mission, Russian Yuri Romanenko was fatigued both physically and mentally due to traveling through space. The majority of his day was spent sleeping regaining strength, in the meantime his bones were deteriorating. Some say if many like Romanenko stayed in space for much longer, he may not have survived re-entry to the Earth. Returning to Earth could cause problems as the body is much weaker due to demineralization and atrophy of the bones and shortage of red blood cells. Oneâ€℠¢s balance must now again be readjusted causing many astronauts to feel dizzy when back to a strong â€Å"g† force gravity on earth. Whether or not the large amount of time and money spent on keeping astronauts fit during space flight is worth the scientific findings is debatable. Physiological effects need to be prevented as much a possible. Again, this is usually prevented by rigorous exercise and micro gravity could still be a danger to the astronaut’s health. Many scientists believe that the benefits of transporting/sending out machines (robots) and humans to space, despite the health issues, are nothing compared to the huge benefit that society will receive. Humans will not be perfectly suited to living in a weightless environment, but that won’t stop Astrobiologists and many other research firms like NASA from exploring space. The many benefits of space exploration such as technological knowledge and inspiration easily outweigh the negative aspects. Bibliography: Sources were from Newspapers, CDs, web sites and a large extract of a book in one of the web-pages. Most web sites accessed on the 11th December 2003 and 9th January 2004. 1) http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=adapt02 2) www.permanent.com/s-nograv.htm 3) http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php%3fpage=adapt02 4) www.spacefuture.com/habitat/zerog.shtml 5) http://mos.org/cst/article/77/6.html 6) http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/spacestation/basics/why.html 7) www.relaxincomfort.com/zerogravity_benefits.html 8) http://experts.about.com/q/2540/2677459.htm 9) www.uclas.ac.uk/facs/science/physastr/courses/space/ssyear1/sc1201.htm 10) http://www.who.int/ith/chapter02_01.html 11) Definitions from Microsoft Encarta 2003 Premium Suite CD 12) http://library.thinkquest.org/2606/Environmental_problems/water_pollution_-_effects.html (used for first idea of project) 1 http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php%3fpage=adapt02

The Benefits and Risks of Exercise For Youth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 299 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Benefits of Exercise Essay Did you like this example? I read many researches about the benefits and risks of exercise for kids. There are supporters and opponents with these exercises for kids. As well as, Children and adult have response of training exercises but those responses are different of each other. Kids are not like adult. We cannot utilize the same training techniques as them do. Children have physiological, anatomical, and emotional differ than adult and adolescents. Therefore, we can help them to improve their capacities for their personal health. Some of advantages are that kids being engaged in training activity at an early age is that it elevate their awareness on the benefits of a healthy lifestyle. It also increases their confidence levels especially the ones that are involved in sports, walking and positive nutrition programs. More benefits are that exercising reduces kids risk of getting type 2 diabetes, asthma, obesity, stronger muscles and bones, spinal cord injury, and lower blood pressure. Some of the risk are increase stunts, training in too muggy or hot conditions are big risks, and sport injuries to long bones, lower back and muscle injuries that leads to Osgood schlatters disease are very complex. One of the more observed kids program is Biglachy03 that involves knee lifts, bending knees, walking and stretching of different variations to start the warm up. Exercise 1 is jumping jacks, 2 Slalom jump, 3 Ski jump, 4 squat thrust and push, 5 Alternate toe touch, 6 Stair climber, 7 Trunk renovations, 8Shuttle runs with balls. The Biglachy03 program seems to mix an intense circuit that will benefit the kids in growing, fitness and filling out leanly as they grow. Another program is the Sky zone where kids have a fun version of plyometric and agility exercises. The Sky zone provides many trampolines based fun activities like basketball, on and off ramp exercises, and bouncy castles. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Benefits and Risks of Exercise For Youth" essay for you Create order