Pronunciation Teaching Within A Theoretical Framework English Language Essay

Elocution Teaching Within A Theoretical Framework English Language Essay Albeit various examinations have been accounted for with respect to segmental in the course of recent years for an outline, see Ekman, 2003; Strange, 1995, there are just few investigations concentrating on L2 worry in an EFL setting. Then again, suprasegmental properties, including pressure, assume a significant job in second language procurement. They are demonstrated to be firmly identified with outside complement apparent in L2 creation and to challenges in L2 discernment. Analysts have credited the issues with worry to the impact of the L1 prosodic framework. Nonetheless, these investigations are insufficient, as their emphasis on stress procurement for the most part depends on the correlation of the phonological frameworks of L1 and L2. As Flege (1987) called attention to in research on L2 discourse improvement at the segmental level, it is essential to consider phonetic subtleties so as to increase a superior comprehension of the conceivable exchange of L1. The equivalent is valid for investigations of prosody. It is conceivable that the impact of L1 lies in the contrast somewhere in the range of L1 and L2 in the work of important phonetic relates. 2.2. The historical backdrop of articulation educating inside a hypothetical system Prevalent sentiment in regards to the spot of elocution preparing in the ESL or EFL educational plan has ebbed and streamed alongside the chronicled structure of language learning speculations and techniques. Before the ubiquity of the immediate technique in the late nineteenth century, elocution got minimal clear concentration inside the language study hall. Supporters of the immediate technique guarantee that an underlying accentuation on tuning in without strain to talk permits students to secure sentence structure inductively and to disguise the objective sound framework before talking, much the manner in which kids get their first language (Celce-Murcia, Brinton, Goodwin, 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). Albeit famous in tip top private European schools, the immediate strategy was dismissed by the government funded schools and by most language schools in the United States as unfeasible due the homeroom time, exertion and foundation expected of both the instructor and understudies for the achievement of this methodology. Analysis based on the tedious idea of this guidance at once in which most understudies just read unknown dialect for a long time, alongside an absence of qualified instructors who had an agreeable, local like familiarity at their order. Therefore, this basically natural imitative methodology offered route to the arrival of the sentence structure interpretation approach of the understanding time, with next to no consideration regarding articulation (Celce-Murcia et al., 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). As per Aufderhaar (2004), both the direct and syntax interpretation techniques were increasingly accentuated when there was an abrupt and earnest requirement for qualified translators and knowledge to learn English with the appearance of World War II. Established in Skinners (1957) hypothesis of behaviorism which rewarded the securing of verbal aptitudes as ecologically decided improvement reaction conduct, the audiolingual strategy required escalated oral penetrating for whole working days, six days per week (E. R. Earthy colored, 1997). As opposed to the sentence structure interpretation strategy, elocution was currently viewed as of the most noteworthy need, with phonetic translation and enunciation expressly instructed through outlines and showings, alongside impersonation (Celce-Murcia et al., 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). While by and large demonstrating fruitful inside the military condition of little classes of profoundly energetic teachers and understudies whose prosperity depended to a limited extent on their order of the objective language, the hypothetical establishment of audiolingualism was shaken by the truth of the post World War II language study hall that was not helpful for this military routine. Its most grounded pundit was Chomsky (1957), whose presentation of the generative-transformational hypothesis saw the fundamental significance of the entire as being a higher priority than any one section. His attention on the inventive, rule-represented nature of skill and execution drove numerous instructors to the end that articulation ought to remain inductively inside the setting of morphology and sentence structure (Kreidler, 1989). At the core of this theory was the proposal that all language abilities, including listening appreciation, verbal creation and elocution, are coordinated to suc h an extent that there is no compelling reason to address them as discrete and unmistakable highlights (Brown, 1997). The impact of Chomskys generative-transformational hypothesis, alongside the intellectual code hypothesis of the 1960s, which concentrated on tuning in at the talk level and disposed of ability requesting, made ready for the pattern to maintain a strategic distance from or overlook direct elocution instructing out and out. The appearance of the informative methodology in the late 1970s and mid 1980s in like manner regarded the instructing of articulation as insufficient and sad, rather it underscored language capacities over structures with the objective being by and large open capability and listening perception for general significance: MacCarthy (1976) expressed that at present any educating of elocution is so ineffectual as to be to a great extent an exercise in futility. (p. 212). Around then, numerous teachers of the open methodology accepted that elocution aptitudes would be gained normally inside the setting of second language input and informative practice. Be that as it may, elocution was not so much disregarded in the timeframe of the 1960s through the mid 1980s. Leftovers of the audiolingual approach waited inside auxiliary etymology, which saw language learning as a procedure of acing chains of importance of basically related things for encoding meaning (Morley, 1991). At the point when elocution was tended to, guidance was commonly situated toward the boring of individual sounds by means of articulatory portrayals and negligible pair contrasts (Chun, 2002). It is the dependence on this conventional phonemic-based methodology which Leather (1987) makes reference to one reason for the end of articulation instructing during this period: The procedure, saw as trivial non-informative drill-and-exercise ruses, lost its allure; similarly, the item, that is, the achievement proportion for the time and vitality used, was discovered needing. (Morley, 1991, p. 486). Perspectives ran from genuine addressing with respect to whether articulation could be clearly educated and learned by any means (Chun, 2002), to faithful cases that grown-ups were just unfit to gain second language elocution (Scovel, 1988). As indicated by Madsen and Bowen (1978), the absence of thoughtfulness regarding elocution, which was predominant in the informative methodology of the late 1970s and mid 1980s and the immediate declaration by numerous that articulation couldn't be educated, brought about an extraordinary number of universal understudies who were fizzled convey successfully or even coherently despite the fact that they had been told for quite a while. This circumstance started research in second language obtaining that recommended a takeoff from the customary, base up phonemic-based way to deal with elocution instructing toward a top-down direction concentrating on suprasegmental or prosodic angles, for example, beat, pitch, and term. Characterized by Wennerstrom (2001, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004) as a general term enveloping inflection, beat, rhythm, uproar, and stops, as these associate with sentence structure, lexical significance, and segmental phonology in spoken writings (p.4), prosody has verifiably been disregarded or consigned to the edges of examination and teaching method, due in enormous part, as per Chun (2002), to its natural multifaceted nature and trouble acing it. Considered famously hard to procure and characterize, Bolinger (1972) marked the most disputable part of prosody, sound, the oily piece of language. In spite of its chronicled rearward sitting arrangement status, an inclination of examination with respect to prosody has traversed a few orders. The principal archived investigation of discourse tune has been followed back to Steele (Couper-Kuhlen, 1993, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004), who, in 1775, utilized melodic documentation to distinguish contribute varieties that happen customary structures upon syllables. Shockingly, his materials, in light of five highlights he recognized as complement, amount, respite, accentuation and power were reliant upon fixed and supreme melodic pitches as opposed to adaptable and relative tones, clearly ailing in down to earth materialness (Pike, 1945). 2.3. Articulation research in applied semantics In spite of the fact that achieving local like articulation that encourages shared clarity is viewed as significant for some language students and educators the same, there have been barely any exact investigations of elocution in applied semantics (Derwing Munro,2005; Levis, 2005). For instance, Derwing and Munro (2005, p. 386) express that it is generally acknowledged that suprasegmentals are essential to understandability, yet up 'til now scarcely any investigations bolster this conviction. This case is upheld by different scientists, for example, Hahn (1994) and Levis (2005) who expresses that in the course of recent years there has been support to educate suprasegmentals however next to no teaching method has been founded on observational exploration. The helpfulness of exact exploration for growing progressively powerful articulation instructing is self-evident. As Levis (2005) states, guidance should concentrate on those highlights that are generally useful for comprehension and ought to deemphasize those that are moderately unhelpful ( pp. 370-371). Munro (2008) echoes this moment that expressing that it is essential to set up a lot of needs for instructing. In the event that one part of elocution guidance is bound to advance clarity than some other angle, it merits increasingly prompt consideration. (p. 197). Obviously, we should initially recognize what the most significant components are to guarantee ideal guidance and learning results. As Munro (2008) contends, on the grounds that prosody includes a wide scope of sp

Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -an Opportunity for Innovation Essay Example

Job of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation Essay Job of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - An Opportunity for Innovation * Mrs.. Kajal Maheshwari Abstract-â€Å"Sustainability is the jackpot of advancements that yield both bottomline and topline restores The most ground breaking and dynamic organizations today are considering ecological to be as a chance to advance and change how they work their organizations, how they grow new items, and how they identify with partners in the commercial center. Hippies, as well, are seeing a chance to team up with business. They are taking a progressively receptive view toward the job that business can play in taking care of huge issues. The most ideal approach to prevail with regards to making supportability a wellspring of significant worth is to drive it profound into the association and extensively over the venture is to make strides toward environmental friendliness. What we call smokestack or tailpipe enterprises †the vitality organizations, utilities, oil and gas, transportation, synthetic concoctions †they needed to handle these issues in light of the huge effect theyve had. Yet, presently we see retailers and innovation organizations and administrations organizations and accommodation and a wide range of new divisions that are grasping maintainability on the grounds that theyre discovering an incentive there. This article quickly give thought regarding the organizations General Electric, General Motors, Chevrolet volt, Pfizer and Novartis, vitality organizations like BP, HCL and so on putting resources into Ramp;D amp; development in ecological amp; clean tech region. This article covers terms and ideas of green showcasing, quickly talk about why practicing environmental awareness is significant and furthermore inspect a portion of the explanation that associations are embracing a green promoting theory. We will compose a custom exposition test on Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development - an Opportunity for Innovation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Nowadays, just showcasing doesnt appear to be filling in just as it has previously. For maintainability and development an advertiser needs to consider creative condition inviting patterns It additionally concentrates a portion of the chances and difficulties in green promoting. In this way, actualizing green showcasing is crucial to the maintainable improvement of industry.

legal process essays

legitimate procedure papers There are numerous means that must be taken before John would have a case that could go to trial.In the instance of John versus his boss there is a procedure that is included when recording segregation charges. John needs to answer to his EEOC guide inside 45 days of the charge. Be that as it may, he additionally needs to record a grumbling with the Equal Employment Opportunity Committee for them to confirm that there is sufficient proof to help Johns guarantee of segregation. This is the point at which the EEOC does a need examination of the underlying realities to check whether these realities seem to help an infringement of the law. In examining a charge, the EEOC may make composed solicitations for data, talk with individuals, survey records, and, varying, visit the office where the supposed segregation happened. (www.eeoc.gov) Once the organization completes its examination, John may demand a conference under the steady gaze of an EEOC managerial appointed authority or a prompt official choice from the office. Anytime John or his manager may shape a settlement out of court and this would get the job done EEOCs prerequisites also. At that point John can decide to record a common claim and go to the government court framework since he is in the private part. John would then record a grumbling and afterward the two gatherings would pay a charge of $150.00 by rule. Since, John is a litigant in a common case then he would then need to enlist his own lawyer. In the state framework be that as it may, he would have a lawyer delegated for him. The government court framework likewise needs the defendants to plan for the case, otherwise called revelation. Both John and his boss must give data to one another about the case, for example, witnesses, dates, times of occasions and so forth. This enables the defendants to get ready for their preliminary by gathering proof and setting up the entirety of the observers. (www.uscourts.gov) In the government court framework, there are numerous standards that the courts must follow. They are designe ... <!

Virginia Mason Medical Center - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Health Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Virginia Mason Medical Center Case 1. What is Gary Kaplan trying to achieve at Virginia Mason? Dr. Gary Kaplan was trying to achieve change at Virginia Mason. He envisioned the transformation of Virginia Mason Medical Center into the quality leader in health care and sought to lead the organization toward this vision. When Dr. Kaplan joined VMMC what attracted him to the medical field was a collaborative team approach and Virginia Masons’ unique culture that was created in the early 1900’s. With time VMMC started to face challenges, competition was fierce and VMMC soon began to experience financial troubles. In addition, its employees were unhappy and the staff morale around the hospital was declining. Kaplan noticed that change had to be made to the way VMMC ran its hospital. Kaplan proposed that VMMC follow Toyota Production System management method to restructure the way it ran its physicians, nurses and support staff. He felt that NMMC’s goals were similar to Toyota, especially putting the customer/patient first, focus on quality and safety, and a commitment to employees. Kaplan was trying to achieve this change while keeping the unique culture that VMMC began with so many years ago. . How does the Toyota Production System fit into his strategy? Dr. Kaplan and executives at VMMC had created a strategic plan focused on becoming the quality leader in healthcare; however he lacked a system to achieve this goal. Kaplan felt the Toyota Production System (TPS) was an appropriate match for the VMMC because of the similarities in goals that they both shared and desire to achieve them. VMMC’s new vision aligned with Toyota model including its priorities of putting the patient/customer first, along with satisfying quality, safety and its employees. Traditionally, VMMC had taken cost savings approaches by consolidated less profitable business lines (obstetrics, mental health) and reducing academic spending (travel, research ti me). Kaplan felt these activities were putting academics to the wayside. He sought to apply TPS for other cost savings opportunities such Just in Time (JIT) production. Similarly, he felt the detection of abnormalities in the production process could be applied to patient care. TPS was not the first production model to be imported into the health-care delivery organizations. For decades hospitals had tried several management models drawn from production industries such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma. VMMC has previously utilized TQM in the 1990s, but the concepts had failed to gain traction. Kaplan’s first strategy would be to get a visual of the current process that takes place. Value-stream mapping would give him a better idea of the gaps in VMMC’s work flow. Value-stream mapping would encompass patient check-in, visits, inventory and flow of equipment. Kaplan felt that by starting with the value-stream mapping it would set the base for the imp lementation of Virginia Mason Production System. By applying the plan of action that TPS used and modifying it to fit VMMC, within the year Kaplan started to see positive results from the various strategies that were exercised. 3. What is your view of the â€Å"people are not cars† debate? We agree with the statement that â€Å"people are not cars† and that each patient is unique when it comes to diseases, treatments, and personal emotions. With that being said, when a new process or system is in place some people have difficulties adjusting to change, they tend to look at the negative vs. the positive outcomes that can be achieved from a new model/process such as VMPS. Also, people tend to want change to take place immediately and that is not always the case. When something new is being implemented it will most likely take some time to reap the benefits. We believe that there are tangible benefits can be realized through the adaptation of the TPS model. Opponents a rgue the TPS system jeopardizes their autonomy and clinical creativity. However, the system adapted from TPS, actually seeks to maximize patient outcomes through the elimination of waste and efficiency improvements. In return freeing up more time for clinicians to spend with patients, families, or pursuing academic endeavors. 4. Is Kaplan’s approach transferable to other US hospitals? We believe that Kaplan’s approach is transferable to other US hospitals. Proven results have been demonstrated especially for the oncology or cardiovascular units. I think that these two departments will seek the most benefits from Kaplan’s approach. This approach was already tried by The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and they saw benefits early on in the transition process. For instance, they applied TPS and they immediately saw a decrease in patient waiting time, patient registration, medical chart and having supplies available. If UPMC is able to switch to a manufacturing model, then any other US hospital will be able to do the same as long as they are able to modify the process to their environment and culture. We believe VMMC was uniquely poised for success. The executives, board of directors, physician, and staff were willing to embrace change. VMMC was founded on the principles of teamwork to offer patients comprehensive medical care. To be replicated in other hospitals solid leadership and support must be obtained throughout the organization. A commitment to achieve the goal and belief in the strategic plan is essential. The implementation of VMPS has shed positive outlook on both the process and metrics. For example, the redesign of the physical layout for treatment rooms has not only improved the patients view but also it created more space so that physicians and nurses are maximizing their travel time and communication. Equally important, this new amount of space increased the number of visits from 120 to 188, a 57% inc rease and it also reduced patient travel per each visit from 1,600 feet to 375 feet, a 76% decrease. Moreover, the built-in pharmacy improved the delivery system which minimized the wait time from 2 hours to 20-30 minutes and 20 minutes to 1 minute respectively. This goes to prove that higher efficiency would also improve the hospitals metrics and quality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Virginia Mason Medical Center" essay for you Create order

Entrepreneurship Process and Principles - 15897 Words

Entrepreneurship process and principles Chapter: Introduction to Entrepreneurship process and principles Definition of entrepreneur -According to American Heritage Dictionary, â€Å"Entrepreneur is a person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk for business venture† -According to Skinner SJ and Ivancevich JM,† An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risks necessary to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and monetary rewards† -Entrepreneur is a person who organizes and assumes the risk of his or her own venture†. Meaning and definition of Entrepreneurship -According to R.M.Hodgehs,-‘Entrepreneurship is the process of organizing, managing and assuming the risk of a business.† Entrepreneurship is the†¦show more content†¦He can not only set up a venture but also strive for the extension and continues growth of it. 4) Management and Marketing- When an entrepreneur establishes a new enterprise, he obliged to manage that obligation and run it properly. B) Specific function:- 1) Idea generation and scanning of the best suitable one. 2) Determination of business objectives. 3) Product analysis and marketing research 4) Determination and form of ownership. 5) Completion of promotional formalities 6) Raising necessary funds 7) Purchasing machine and materials 8) Recruitment of people 9) Undertaking the business operations. Distinction between entrepreneur and a manager. The major points of distinction are below: Points Entrepreneur Manager 1.Motive The main motive of an entrepreneur is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. But the main motive of a manager is to render his services in an enterprise at ready setup by someone else. 2.Status An entrepreneur is the owner of the enterprise A manager is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur. 3.Risk bearing An entrepreneur assumes all risks and uncertainty involved in running the organization. A manager as the servant does not bear any risk involved In the enterprise. 4.Rewards The rewards an entrepreneur gets for bearing risks involved in the enterprise in profit, which is highly uncertain. A manager gets salary as a reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise. Salary of a manager isShow MoreRelatedPrinciples Of Business Management Assignment Unit One1274 Words   |  6 Pages Running head: BUS 1101: PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT UNIT ONE University of the people Term 1 (2017-2018) September 9, 2017 Introduction Based on the unit one written assignment instructionsRead MorePrinciples Of Business Management Assignment Unit One1231 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: bus 1101: principles of business management assignment unit one University of the People Term one (2017-2018) September nine, 2017 Introduction Based on the unit one assignment directions I even have revised the reading chapter of theRead MoreChristian Worldview And Biblical Entrepreneurship876 Words   |  4 PagesChristian Worldview and Biblical Entrepreneurship As Christians, we are required to show God’s rule in all occupations. We exercise dominion by becoming good stewards to the gifts He has bestowed upon us. 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David Hume s Theory Of Induction - 1203 Words

The controversy within the field and study of Philosophy is continuously progressing. Many ideas are prepared, and challenged by other philosophers causing the original idea to be analyzed more thoroughly. One of the cases that challenge many philosophers is The Problem of Induction. David Hume introduced the world to The Problem of Induction. The Problem of Induction claims that, past experiences can lead to future experiences. In this essay, I will explain how the problem of induction does not lead to reasonable solutions instead it causes philosophers more problems. Philosophers create new thesis all the time. Many times these thesis are challenged by other ideas. The Problem of induction was introduced by David Hume in the 18th century. He questioned how past observation could be the same observation in the future. We can assume that past events can occur again, and this was not the problem. The problem is Hume does not believe that past experiences can lead to the future. It is beneficial to completely understand Hume’s stand point therefore I will explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is multiple premises that are believed to be true or at least true most of the time. Deductive reasoning is a theory that claims truth. If the premise is true the conclusion is true. Hume first separated human reasoning in two different ways. The first way is relations of ideas. These are the sciences of geometry, algebra andShow MoreRelatedDavid Hume s Theory Of Induction969 Words   |  4 Pagespast events? Can we be certain that the ball will fall once it has been kicked? This concept was one of David Hume’s most famous philosophical arguments: the Problem of Induction. This paper will outline Hume’s standpoint, as well give criticism for his argument. Hume’s Problem of Induction is finding justification for basing universal conclusions/ generalizations on particular instances. 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Knowledge is actually defined by the dictionary as, â€Å"general awareness or possession of information, facts, ideas, truths, or principles

Persuasive speech on coffee free essay sample

Alexus Arnold Professor Smith Speech 101 26 November 2013 Coffee Coinsurer The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup! Waking Intro / Attention getter: up in the morning is hard enough. During the cold breezed winter morning youre battling your grogginess and the clock. The best way to get a start on your day is with a fresh, hot cup of coffee. Coffee is the hidden gem that your morning needs to get a jump start on a busy day. Its consumed everywhere and Judging by the amount of Starbucks locations, we love our caffeine! Coffee is the leading worldwide beverage after water and its trade exceeds US $10 billion worldwide. This is stated by National Institute of Food Science. Coffee has been criticized for being a caffeinated product but it has been proven healthier than we are lead to believe. Coffee stimulates your senses from the caffeine content which further stimulates mind and supports mental alertness and concentration. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive speech on coffee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Coffee contains antioxidants and can contribute to preventing illnesses. And Last, Coffee can help with promoting longevity and healthy unctions of your body. Body l: Just the smell of a fresh brewed coffee can stimulate your senses and begin to relieve stress. As students we suffer from sleep deprivation. Studies have shown that those who were exposed to coffee aromas experienced release in proteins that are tied to stress. Caffeine can keep you Juiced when needing a boost of mental alertness. A cup before a test can also sharpen memory and keep you concentrated. A study done by the National Institute of Health found that Those ho drink four or more cups of coffee are found 10 % less likely to be depressed than those who have never tried coffee states Dr. Chen. Coffees mood-lifting effects might be traced to its antioxidants provided in the coffee bean. Body II: Research has shown that a cup of coffee naturally comes with antioxidants which are good for your body. Anti-oxidants that coffee contains offer some cardiovascular protection. Research is showing that it can also reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes. According to a study researchers found that people who drink coffee lower their chances of type 2 diabetes by 50% percent and with every cup it lowers by 7%. Science Daily reported in 2012 that Studies have shown that people who use caffeine are less likely to develop Parkinsons disease, but this is one of the first studies in humans to show that caffeine can help with movement symptoms for people who already have the disease (Ronald Postuma MD) persuasive speech on coffee By aarnoldl 992